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Fast forward a few decades, and we're still very much on this journey of finding the right abstractions/interfaces/libraries/languages. I feel like there must be a complexity equivalent to Parkinson's law: complexity expands to fill the space left in between abstractions.
Imagine if this was a new language that the dev community was seeing for the first time. It's hard to imagine it gaining much traction.
There is no “modern” alternative. If you read Reddit threads, C++ programmers actually believe that it’s a reasonable file reading API.
Most companies that I’ve worked at have just implemented our own on top of the OS syscalls. Which is annoying because it requires at least a Windows and UNIX variant.
Look, I like C++. I’ve been programming in it for years. But some of the stereotypes around C++ programmers are true. I still occasionally run into design decisions so untethered from reality that it still shocks me after all these years.
But it's not a new language. It's backwards compatible with C.
So "iterators" behave the same as pointers, since that's how you'd iterate through an array. You can add and subtract, then pass them to other functions.
You can't just have a function that returns a vector of strings, because that function would do an allocation. When is it deallocated? Before unique_ptr (the guide was written before), it'd be the caller's responsibility to manually do so.
Meaning you have to assign the output of that function to a variable every single time and manually remember to deallocated it or you get a memory leak.
C avoids this with `strtok` by destructively modifying the string in place. This is arguably worse.
If you were designing a new, non-GC, language, you'd have good ownership semantics and not allow pointer arithmetic. That'd be Rust.
The reason it works is because D has actual array types.
If you choose to use automatic memory management with D, you are memory safe.
I have some very smart friends who think it's the perfect language, but I kind of prefer almost every language that has come out after C++. I feel like the language adds some very strange semantics in some very strange places that can be hard to reason about until you've spent a lot of time with the language. This wouldn't necessarily be so bad if not for the fact that most people who write C++ have not spent sufficient time to understand it (and I consider myself in that group, though I don't write C++).
I have mixed feelings on D, but I'm very grateful that Rust came along. Rust is arguably even more complicated than C++, but the good thing is that getting a lot of these complications wrong will simply not allow your code to compile. It's a huge pain in the ass at first but I've become grateful for it.
I still write C very occasionally, but Rust has supplanted like 95% of jobs that were formerly C. I still really need to play with Zig.
Circa 2004 I was in college and took a C++ class. I spent an entire week trying to get my final project working and couldn't for the life of me figure out what was wrong. It was only a few hundred lines and was like an employee record type demo. I spent about 3 hours one on one with the professor trying to figure it out. I remember that removing the auto_ptr stuff and using regular pointers would make it work (because the problem has to be with the pointer stuff right?), but part of the requirements was that I had to use auto_ptr because it was safer or whatever.
We tried compiling it on different systems and nothing would get it to work. He ended up giving me a C on the project admitting "it should work, but that doesn't cut it in the business world" or something to that effect which really pissed me off.
I just had a chat with GPT about this and that was almost certainly what was causing my program to segfault.
std::auto_ptr<int> a(new int(5));
std::auto_ptr<int> b = a; // a becomes null
Wild.
He's using auto_ptr to demonstrate RAII, which is fine. I would assume that the use of auto_ptr indicates that the example was written some time ago.
So while a much older date is probably appropriate, maybe 20-30 years ago, we can at least mark this (2022) until somebody justifies a particular previous date.
Love it!
The real trick, in my experience, is to design your software with things like bounded queues or ring buffers, and to avoid manual memory management (new/delete). This works in C++ just as well as GC'ed languages.
One of my favorite consequences of LLM-heavy workflows (vibe-coding "make me a CRUD app"-style prompts aside) is that prompting the LLM forces the user to put at least a modicum of thought into how the software is actually architected.
For example, the 1987 edition of "The C++ Programming Language" (only 328 pages, including the index!) explains how the user can handle `new` failures with `set_new_handler` to "plug in" a garbage collection function that frees up memory and handles the failure.
And section 10.7 of "The Design and Evolution of C++", is titled "Automatic Garbage Collection", and covers in depth his reasons for not including a garbage collector, and explains a bit about how a plugin automatic collector might work. The TL;DR is that the hardware of the time was too limited and the performance overhead would have killed C++'s chances in its target market. He also posits that memory leaks "are quite acceptable" in many applications because most don't have to run forever and aren't "foundation libraries', but he's probably changed his mind on that by now.
https://repo.autonoma.ca/repo/mandelbrot/blob/HEAD/main.c
When writing:
I will immediately write below it: This hides memory allocations altogether. As long as the open/close functions are paired up, it gives me confidence that there are no inadvertent memory leaks. Using small functions eases eyeballing the couplings.For C++, developing a unit test framework based on Catch2 and ASAN that tracks new/delete invocations is rather powerful. You can even set it up to discount false positives from static allocations. When the unit tests exercise the classes, you get memory leak detection for free.
(I don't mind down votes, but at least reply with what you don't like about this approach, and perhaps suggest a newer approach that we can learn from; contribute to the conversation, please.)
Let me stop you right there. I did not downvote you, but I bet that's why others did. If humans were capable of correctly pairing open/close, new/delete, malloc/free, then we could've called C's memory management "good enough" and stopped there. Decades of experience show that humans are completely incapable of doing this at any scale. Small teams can do it for small projects for a small period of time. Large teams on large projects over long eras just can't.
If the advice for avoiding resource errors includes "all the programmer has to remember is...", then forget it. It's not happening. Thus the appeal of GC languages that do this for the programmer, and newer compiled languages like Rust that handle resource cleanup by default unless you deliberately go out of your way to confuse them.
1. Making a brand new std::string with the same text inside it as `p` but one longer so as to contain an extra plus symbol. Let's call this temporary string `tmp`
2. Paste that whole string on the end of the string named `cat`
3. Destroy `tmp` freeing the associated allocation if there is one
Now, C++ isn't a complete trash fire, the `cat` std::string is† an amortized constant time allocated growable array under the hood. Not to the same extent as Rust's String (which literally is Vec<u8> inside) but morally that's what is going on, so the appends to `cat` aren't a big performance disaster. But we are making a new string, which means potentially allocating, each time around the loop, and that's the exact sort of costly perf leak that a Zig or Odin programmer would notice here.
† All modern C++ std::string implementations use a crap short string optimisation, the most important thing this is doing - which is the big win for C++ is they can store their empty value, a single zero byte, without allocating but they can all store a few bytes of actual text before allocating. This might matter for your input strings if they are fairly short like "Bjarne" "Stroustrup" and "Fool" but it can't do "Disestablishmentarianism".
And it's still possible to improve performance here without returning to manual memory management. Just replace it with something like this:
Now no temporary string is created and thrown away, only cat performs memory allocations under the hood.